Title: Efficient Algorithms for Constructing Very Sparse Spanners and Emulators.

Author: Michael Elkin and Ofer Neiman 

Abstract: Miller et al. \cite{MPVX15} devised a distributed\footnote{They actually showed a PRAM algorithm. 
The distributed algorithm with these properties is implicit in \cite{MPVX15}.} algorithm in the CONGEST model, 
that given a parameter $k = 1,2,\ldots$, constructs an $O(k)$-spanner of an input unweighted $n$-vertex graph
with $O(n^{1+1/k})$ expected edges in $O(k)$ rounds of communication. In this paper we improve the result of 
\cite{MPVX15}, by showing a $k$-round distributed algorithm in the same model, that constructs a $(2k-1)$-spanner 
with $O(n^{1+1/k}/\eps)$ edges,  with probability $1- \eps$, for any  $\eps>0$. Moreover, when $k = \omega(\log n)$, 
our algorithm produces (still in $k$ rounds) {\em ultra-sparse} spanners, i.e., spanners of size $n(1+ o(1))$, with 
probability $1- o(1)$. To our knowledge, this is the first distributed algorithm in the CONGEST or in the PRAM models  
that constructs spanners or skeletons (i.e.,  connected spanning subgraphs) that sparse.
Our algorithm can also be implemented in linear time in the standard centralized model, and for large $k$, it provides 
spanners that are sparser than any other spanner given by a known (near-)linear time algorithm.

We also devise improved bounds (and algorithms realizing these bounds) for $(1+\epsilon,\beta)$-spanners and emulators. 
In particular, we show that for any unweighted $n$-vertex graph and any $\epsilon > 0$, there exists a $(1+ \epsilon, 
({{\log\log n} \over \epsilon})^{\log\log n})$-emulator with $O(n)$ edges. All previous constructions of 
$(1+\epsilon,\beta)$-spanners and emulators employ a superlinear number of edges, for all choices of parameters.

Finally, we provide some applications of our results to approximate shortest paths' computation in unweighted graphs.